Distribution of US Budget in Military and Education

Even though the Cold War era is a distant memory, encased in glass forever like some museum piece, our government is still spending as if the Soviet Union was in its prime. If the arms race is a forgotten memory, then why is the military still spending 86% of what it was spending during the Cold War. It†s not that us Americans do not want a solid military, we just believe that our military is wasting billions of dollars at the expense of our children†s education and well being. 50 years ago our country, and the entire world was in disparate need of a strong U.S. military. We inflated our military budget, and gave the government and private businesses an enormous appetite. Without a major threat to the United States since the collapse of the Soviet Union, our government seems to be in competition with itself. 50 years ago we sent tons and tons of troops overseas to fight in a foreign land, while we pumped private businesses up with the manufacturing of military equipment. The need for such products and the need for an over-healthy military allowance is long gone. While we sunk billions after billions of taxpayer†s money on wars that we were boisterously proud to spend (it gave us all the prestige we could ever ask for), our Allies were investing in their children†s education and well being. The result now is that while we have the most elite military capabilities, our children†s educational level is extremely under developed. European and Japanese children significantly outperform American children in math and upper-level reading. This should not be too surprising, our children are studying history books that are from a decade ago. This creates difficult obstacles for our children to keep up on current politics and other global events. Also the over crowding of classrooms makes it extremely difficult for your child to get that personalized learning which may determine his or her ability to learn at all. Every child learns at a different rate and possibly in different ways, this makes it virtually impossible for teachers to tap into every child†s full learning potential. If your child needs that extra, personalized attention, but is not â€Å"defined† as handicapped their specific learning needs will most likely be overlooked and that may be the beginning of your child†s inability to learn. According to a study done by the state of Tennessee, reducing classroom size in early grades (K-3rd) can improve a child†s performance even after being placed back into their regular sized class. Another major problem hindering our children†s education is the fact that the teachers with the priceless responsibility of developing our child†s mind are absolutely underpaid. Teachers barely make an honest living and are often subliminal role models to our young students. Although there are countless exceptionally dedicated teachers in America, a significantly higher salary would ensure the quality of almost all teachers. Remember what we were taught about incentives at a young age, the carrot in front of the rabbit, well that would definitely apply for these individuals we need to count on everyday. So, where is all of the money going to come from to improve our children†s education, well, remember our friend with that uncontrollable appetite? During the Cold War†s prime the U.S. was spending $325 billion a year. And today, with the Cold War boxed up and put on a shelf, the military is still spending $290 billion a year (NCR,1999). This is an alarming figure that we are spending on a military without any outside threat to contend with, in fact it seems to be their only real mission is to play servant to the United Nations, fighting little skirmishes in countries that don†t want our help. One would be hopeful that since we are in an era of peace time that we could enjoy â€Å"peace dividends.† However, the military and those private sector businesses that created such an enormous appetite refuse to exercise a Post-Cold War diet. Maybe we need to e-mail the pentagon, they might be reading our children†s decade old history books, in that case they wouldn†t know that the Berlin Wall is down and the Soviet Union has collapsed. Another astonishing fact is that our country has become the world†s largest arms dealer, selling to almost any country with the money to do business. And if they can†t afford them, our government will put them on a payment plan, acting much like a scene right out of The Godfather. Is this our government, or is this Don Corleone, striking deals with some pretty shady characters. One can†t help wondering where all of this cold hard cash is going from these deals. It is no mystery that our government budgets are in desperate need of reform, well, there are active groups lobbying to change the spending habits of our government. One of the most effective of these groups is the Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, which is comprised of influential individuals like Ben Cohen, cofounder of Ben & Jerry†s; and former assistant secretary of state, Lawrence Korb, along with a cabinet of ex-military and big business leaders. The group is most certainly not an anti-military faction, however they are dedicated to refocusing the military†s useless spending (NCR, 1999). They are not opposed to our military having the best equipment possible, that is if someone were to donate it to them. If the decision is for the military to have a great new ship, or for our children to have a better education, of course the military is going to have to make due. Currently the federal government only participates in 7% of the funding for our schools, while the state and the local community split the rest. This is an raises enormous concerns due to the fact that poorer communities are at a significant disadvantage. Some communities can spend up to five times as much as less fortunate ones (NATIONAL PTA, 1996). To achieve these goals for a better future for our kids and further more, our country, we need to make education our biggest priority. Adding up the military†s inflated $290 billion a year, and comparing it to what†s left over for all other spending, including education, a meager $246 billion (NCR, 1999). This is an insult to our children†s development as growing intellectuals. 6% of the entire budget is allocated for our children†s education, this states the true fact that their education is not important. The money is truly there, we simply need to redirect it and our governments priorities. Like stated by Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, † The winners and losers are not going to be determined by the size of their gunboats, but by the level of their children†s level of education.†

Glenmark Pharma Private Limited

Glenmark Pharma Private Limited Case Study Introduction * The company is headquartered in Baroda. * Mr. Ranjit Deshmukh holds the position of the Vice President. * Plants set up in Tamilnadu, Hyderabad and Gurgaon. * Markets bulk and cancer drugs and formulations. * Strong sales force of 700 people, supervised by 85 sales managers. * Salespeople have to compete with multiple competitors in different markets. * Competitors are from local manufacturers to large multinationals. Factors affecting sales effort * Sales effort is largely affected by the personal attitude of sales force towards the organization, job and the profession. In pharma sector, success largely depends on the growth in market share. * A negative attitude is more detrimental to the organization rather than to the individual. * Moreover it leads to low morale- this creates more problems to the organizations and also to the sales managers.Results of low motivation level * Such salespeople are mere order takers. * They d o not think creatively to increase sales. * They have a tendency to blame the marketing programme for poor sales. * They will never accept the lack of effort on their part. * They talk against the company. * They hardly give confidence to customers on the company’s products. Become argumentative with supervisors. * Also start giving credit to the competitor’s firm for their own sales failure. * Highlight the products of the competitor as being far better than that of their firm. * Complain that the salary paid to them is low. * Sales expenses are lower than other companies and it is restricting them from their goal achievement. * Some of them even quit the company and join other firms in the same sector.Problem Identification * Sales policy was altered considerably by the time product reaches to the customer level. * Sales people were not able to give their best to the company. People felt that there is something rotten happening in the field. * There was something tha t was grossly wrong with the sales staff. Means to identify the problems * Conducting a formal study to identify the problems of the sales staff. * They agreed upon hiring an independent consultant who can really talk to the salespeople to identify the problem. * They prepared a questionnaire containing 115 items covering 26 attitude areas. * Respondents had to give their opinion on a five point agreement scale. To make any remedial plan it is very essential to know what went wrong. 1.Issues related to security- I. Not a satisfactory compensation package. II. Fear from competitors. III. Inferiority Complex. IV. Below average attitude towards the company. 2. Issues related to achievement- I. No recognition or rewards for path breaking ideas II. No response on suggestions 3. Issues related to approval- I. Low status of job II. No rewards or recognition from higher management. III. 4. Issues related to advancement- I. No plan for growth or advancement from company’s side. II. In sufficient salary structure- lower than industry average. 5. Issues related to leadership- I.Dissatisfactory leadership. II. Failure of middle management to lead the salespeople and to give creative ideas. III. Higher management doesn’t want to listen to the problems of salespeople. IV. No cross functional co-ordination in the organization. 6. Issues related to Human Behaviour- I. Very high dissatisfaction among employees. II. Less coordial relationship with finance and account departments as the problems related to advances & expenses are knowingly created by these departments. REMEDIAL ACTION- 1. A compensation package directly related to the performance should be developed. 2.The training should be given regarding superiority of the products over competitor’s products 3. The Need Hierarchy Theory should be followed by sales supervisors where they access the need of every salesperson and motivators can be provided by deciding at what level of need hierarchy the s alesperson lies. 4. Sales managers should follow a role of motivator. 5. Middle management and top management should act as faciliatator for growth and self fulfillment. 6. A clear carrier path should be developed. 7. Proper communication of growth prospectives should be mentioned. 8. Appreciation of sales force on achievement of sales targets. . Proper training has to be imparted from time to time. 10. Disputes related to advance & expenses should be solved as quickly as possible. 11. There should be more inter-departmental coordination. LONG TERM MOTIVATIONAL PLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATION- SECURITY RELATED ISSUES:- 1. A compensation package directly related to the performance should be developed 2. The training should be given regarding superiority of the products over competitor’s products 3. An induction of new joinees should be conducted explaining the culture of the organization. ACHIEVMENT RELATED ISSUES:- 1.Non financial motivators should be used more. 2. The Need Hie rarchy Theory should be followed by sales supervisors where they access the need of every salesperson and motivators can be provided by deciding at what level of need hierarchy the salesperson lies. 3. Appreciation of sales force on achievement of sales targets should be done. APPROVAL RELATED ISSUE:- 1. Sales managers should follow a role of motivator. 2. The middle management should take a keen interest in providing approval of good work. 3. A strong communication policy oriented towards employees should be followed. LOYALTY RELATED ISSUE:- 1.A strong organisational culture backed by equity an opportunity for all should be followed. 2. Middle management and top management should act as faciliatator for growth and self fulfilment. 3. Aim at binding employees with organization ADVANCEMENT RELATED ISSUE:- 1. A clear carrier path should be developed. 2. Proper career anchors should be developed. 3. Proper communication of growth prospectives should be mentioned. LEADERSHIP RELATED ISS UE:- 1. Top management should emerge as role model to employees. 2. A conducive culture has to be followed where each employee is free to say what he feels & have a trust on leadership. . A right path should be shown to employees to have a pride on their leadership & their company. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR RELATED ISSUES:- 1. Employees should be treated as resource to the company rather than just a revenue generation tool. 2. Proper training has to be imparted from time to time. 3. Problems regarding sales pitching & sales presentation should be heard & resolve by experts. 4. Disputes related to advance & expenses should be solved as quickly as possible. 5. There should be more inter-departmental coordination.

Hawaiian weddings Essay

For many the nuclear family has always been viewed as the proper way to bring up children and to live life. However, the subject of families is much deeper than many think. But is the family beneficial to society? Different groups have different views on how beneficial the family is to society. Functionalists, who traditionally dominated the sociology of the family, feel that the family is necessary for the running and continuation of an integrated society. It is ssumed by functionalists that if there is the existence of a social institution, then it must have a purpose or a function. Functionalists therefore see the family as beneficial for society. beneficial for society. Families are crucially important to society without doubt. Most British people are born into families and then raised by a family. Most of these very same people grow up to form families of their own and take the responsibility of being a parent. Many people see the family as the normal way of life and watch television programs which revolve around family life. For many the nuclear family has always been viewed as the proper way to bring up children and to live life. However, the subject of families is much deeper than many think. But is the family beneficial to society? assumed by tunctionalists tn t it there is the existence ot a social institution, then it British people are born into tamilies and then raised by a tamily. Most ot these very

Modern and Avant-garde art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern and Avant-garde art - Essay Example The term avant-garde is refers to vanguard or advance guard, meaning works that are innovative or experimental or innovative with respect to politics, art and culture. Avant-garde involves going beyond the boundaries of what is generally accepted as a norm in a society or the status quo mainly in the cultural realm. Since the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, performance and art have undergone significant transformations as a result of the avant-garde practice. The term modern in respect to the avant-garde practice in art and performance around these times denotes the activities, and visible and transformational results of people who felt that traditional forms of art and performance were becoming outdated. In the 1980s, there was an assertion that it was relevant to entirely reject previous norms. The society was supposed to desist from revisiting the past knowledge by relating them to current techniques. Like other aspects of like physics, art and performance als o witnessed growing movement in line with this ideology. The result of this is that in the first fifteen years of the 20th century, many artists, thinkers and, writers managed to break with the traditional ways of organizing painting, music, literature and painting. Cranestates that Avant-garde writers who saw themselves as being modernized abandoned bourgeois values and begun bothering their readers with new styles and forms that were difficult and complex in nature. Modernization also led to a change in the continuity.

A response paper, make the topic creative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A response paper, make the topic creative - Essay Example Her challenge, however, is to do so without seeming to minimize the horror of what happened at Tuskegee. One of the most important aspects of her research is the focus on actually interviewing and interacting, to the degree possible, with people involved with the experiments. She does this to reduce the melodrama involved with the reporting and understanding of these events. In a lecture at Loyola University, she powerfully explains the why this is important. Melodrama, she says, is a story in which the characters â€Å"aren’t important† – they are an afterthought used to â€Å"fill in the gaps,† while in a drama, the characters are central (Reverby Lecture 2012). Historians, she says, should write drama. The problem with melodrama is that it reduces everyone involved to set pieces. In a historical context, this obstructs retellings of the true history, but possibly more importantly, it makes the melodramatic experience seem exceptional, and obfuscates its connection to societal constructs of oppression. She rejects the idea that melodrama is all that could be had of an experience such as this. She powerfully states her aim in the opening of her work, Examining Tuskegee, where she asserts that â€Å"there are truths here [in Tuskegee] – facts that fit the evidence better than do others† (Reverby 9). One such fact, for instance, patients eventually did get treatments – just not enough of them. It turned from a story of non-treatment to â€Å"under treatment† (Reverby 117). Why is this important? Under-treatment of othered people, she argues, is incredibly normative. It happens all the time. Thus, by treating the Tuskegee experiments as some sort of horrific monstrosity, the commonality of aspects of what happened there are lost, so the focus is on the exceptional horrific problem than the very common, barely less horrific one. Furthermore,

Response Paper #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Paper #3 - Essay Example Before delving into the niceties of legal theory, it will serve us to first review the components of the statute that appellant Omeira stands convicted of contravening and, thereafter, applying those same components to the facts of the case. Simply stated, section 901.34(1), Wessex Code, the Native Art Protection Act (or NAPA), forbids export of native works of art produced before 1920 and worth more than 100,000 pounds. The statute is quite specific. It does not address such matters as forgery—indeed a forged work of art (e.g., unlawful export of an ostensible work by the celebrated 15th century Wessex master Harpo that was actually produced in the studio of the less appreciated 17th century Wessex sculptor Groucho) might well satisfy the three desiderata of the Act. The Act, however, does establish three elements that must be present for the Act to be applicable in a specific case. First, the work of art in question must be of Wessex origin. Second, it must have been produced before 1920. And, third, it must be appraised at more than 100,000 pounds. We may apply these specific desiderata to the work in question, Seminole Falls, ostensibly the work of the 18th century Wessex master Decameron, but now known to be a modern forgery—the product of Belgian landscape artist Flammarion, to determine if the Act has been violated. First, Seminole Falls is not of Wessex origin. Evidence, bordering on the conclusive, points to its production in Flammarion’s Antwerp studio. Second, Flammarion did not establish himself as a prominent landscape painter until the mid-1960s. Therefore, Seminole Falls could not have been produced before 1920, a requirement necessary to implicate the Act. Finally, third, the value of the work has been established as less than 100,000 pounds. As our brother, Justice Newson, succinctly described it, â€Å"An expert from the Arts Council inspected the painting and

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 36

History - Essay Example Hence, this admirable character enhances the effectiveness of the results in activities Germans engage in. Hence, Germans are viewed as thinkers while Americans are action oriented (Nees). Germans often pass as individuals who do not have a â€Å"can-do† attitude. In this case, they tend to take caution when approaching issues and accept that there are some challenging situations. Therefore, Americans view this as a typical negative attitude in Germans since Americans believe everything is possible. In fact, Americans instill the â€Å"everything is possible† attitude to their children when young. Case in point, any American child would say that they would want to become anything in life, even being the president of the United States. However, the cautious character in Germans is admirable since it represents practicality in life although Americans associate it as with a lack of creativity amongst the Germans (Nees). Germans’ listening style during communication is very different from the Americans. In this regard, Germans listen keenly to a conversation waiting for pauses in order to respond. On the other hand, Americans tend to nod, gesture, or even make a comment when the other party is talking during a conversation. Therefore, Americans stereotypically view the Germans’ listening style wondering whether they listening to a conversation. However, the Germans’ listening style is crucial since they pay attention to every detail put forward in a conversation and hence put forward a calculated response (Nees). It is evident from the foregoing discussion that Americans and other nationalities may view some characters in Germans stereotypically. However, some of these characteristics viewed stereotypically are admirable and can be a learning lesson not only to Americans but also to other nationalities. Overall, it is part

US moving to IFRS. (International Accounting) Essay

US moving to IFRS. (International Accounting) - Essay Example   Albrecht affirms that the best way to determine the viability of adopting a new course of action is by use of incremental analysis in which the benefits of the change should outweigh its cost. The decision of the US moving to IFRS has triggered a lot of debate, with many participants narrowing its effect to the various parties. Among them are the investors whose protection is included in the SEC mission. According to Albrecht two key elements defining financial markets under the U.S. GAAP are the low cost of seeking capital and the highest ROIs as compared to other markets in the world. This has to a major extent been attributed to the good rules that have been developed, challenged and shaped for several years, which has led to â€Å"bright lines† in reporting unlike in IFRSs where managers can manipulate numbers. If the adoption occurs the U.S. companies may experience a reduction in market value in stocks and bonds to unknown levels. According to Parks the cost of adoption could be approximately $32 million per company. In fact British Petroleum CEO said that for his company $100 million was spent for the first year and roughly $150 million for the second and third year. This is a huge cost against revenue and it’s likely to affect the profit margins and consequently returns on investment. Finally on the costs, in the U.S investors and accountants will need to learn how to read and interpret the financial statements prepared using IFRSs. This will need resources in terms of money and time to cover millions of these people. The benefits to investors will be an expected reduction in audit fees whose effect will be felt as years pass by, as auditors will have to take corporate numbers at face value. Based on this analysis the cost are more tangible and seem to outweigh the benefits hence the move would not really benefit the

Suarez rebound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Suarez rebound - Essay Example He is currently, the most prolific hat-tricks scorer in the English Premier League. Prior to joining Liverpool, Suarez was playing for Ajax where he was the captain and League’s top scorer scoring in almost every game he played. Indeed, he is a legend in Ajax having scored his one hundredth Ajax goal in 2011. He joined Liverpool in 2011 on a â‚ ¬23 million transfer fee (Warring web). However, Luis Suarez career has encountered various setbacks that include suspensions and fines for racial discrimination and biting players. Indeed, after biting PSV Eindhovens Otman Bakkal on the shoulder in 2010, he suffered a seven games suspension. He also suffered a 10 games suspension after biting Chelseas Branislov Ivanovic on the arm in 2013 (Warring web). On a different note, Suarez suffered yet another professional blow when he allegedly racially abused Evra and was suspended for 8 games (McClatchy). Seemingly, Luis Suarezs history depict a person with a troubled mind and troubled actions because he always denied these incidents claiming that it is not in his nature to react that way. He claims that such things happen in the field. Notably, biting is an emotional response and hence the need to evaluate Suarez’s mental health (Rumsby and Sutcliffe web). Indeed, Liverpool is already providing support and counseling to Suarez and FIFA is likely to recommend for his me ntal health evaluation in the recent investigations. This will help Suarez to bounce back. As his marketing manager, I have a plan to get public relations going the right direction for this talented and controversial Liverpool and Uruguay striker. Indeed, my main objectives is to change the public’s negative perception on Suarez, present Suarez’s mental troubles, his success, and convince the audience that Suarez will bounce back. This will maintain or increase the value of the player. The target audience for this plan includes the media, Liverpool Football Club, Uruguay

Analyze a companys online strategies Research Paper - 1

Analyze a companys online strategies - Research Paper Example This one of the reason the ships are popularly known as fun ships (Carnival Cruise Lines, 2012). Carnival.com has been in existence for over 18 years now and it is graded at number 8,333 globally. This is an indication that the website is visited by many people at a particular time period. The website has a value of about USD 8,651,845 and daily advertising revenue of USD 1,229. The website is very fast with an optimal load time for the pages of a bout 1.981 seconds. The page ranks 7 of 10 with about 327,600 daily page viewers. Presently, the site requires over 59.3 GB of daily bandwidth on top of the monthly 1.80TB that is also needed. Besides, the site has an SEO score of 79.3% and an IP address of 151.124.250.21. The server of the site is hosted at Miami in the United States. The site is quoted in DMOZ, Yahoo directory (Greenburg, 2009). Carnival Cruise lines has a strong on-line marketing channels such as the blog of Carnival Freedom-FunShipIsland.com which has over one million visits in the recent times. This includes the CarnivalConnections.com which has the same features. As a founder in the arena of on-line marketing the new novels by Carnival web-based projects are formulated to give a great proficient and novel ways of getting out to the customers and travel agents who can easily get accessed to the different channels in a more convenient way. The customers have less to pay for the online services such that they only pay for the internet browsing which makes the services available and affordable by the majority. Moreover, the visitors are given unique outlook of the company and its products while at the same time obtaining them with appropriate tools for research and vocational planning. This kind of promotion has taken cruise’s fun ships to the highest level of unique experience. Some of the fresh web-based marketing initiatives comprise of a blog by John Heald which was initially invented as a section of

Conformed Dimension Essay Example for Free

Conformed Dimension Essay Conformed dimensions are a crucial component of the successful dimensional design. With the right dimension design and content, it is possible to compare facts from different fact tables, both within a subject area and across the enterprise. They can do more than enable drilling across; they serve as the focus for planning enterprise analytic capability. Dimensional design is usually implemented in parts. Regardless of the style, it is impractical to organize a single project that will encompass the entire enterprise. A realistic project scope is achieved by subdividing the enterprise into subject areas and areas into projects. At a logical level, when a series of stars share a set of common dimensions, the dimensions are referred to as conformed dimensions. Identical dimensions ensure conformance, but can take several other forms as well. Fact tables and conformed dimensions can be planned and documented in matrix format and serve as the blueprint for incremental implementation. Dimensions tables can conform in several ways. Shared dimensions, degenerate dimension and conformed rollups are three ways. A fourth style of conformance is less commonly accepted; it allows for overlapping dimensions. Tables that can conform when the dimension attributes of one are a subset of another are known up as a rollup dimension and a base dimension. They will not share a common surrogate key, but the common attributes must possess the same structure and consent. Degenerate dimensions can serve as the basis for conformance. The corresponding columns should consistent in the structure and content. But it is not required that every fact table share the same set of instance combinations, as to do would force violation od sparsity. Overlapping dimensions can also conform. Some designers prefer to avoid this situation, since it requires that multiple processes load equivalent dimensions columns in the same way. Conformed dimensions are the key to enterprise scope, serving as the infrastructure that integrates subject areas. This means that the dimensional design, including a conformance plan must be conducted as a strategic, upfront process. The conforming dimensions are best illustrated through matrices since the number of criss-crossing relationships can easily clutter a table diagram. The matrices can describe conformance within a data mart or across the data marts. They are a central feature of dimensional data warehouse architecture, produced as part of strategic design effort. It allows individual implementation to proceed individually, ensuring they will fit together as each comes online. In a Corporate Information Factory, information is extracted from the enterprise data warehouse and organized for departmental use in data marts. Because the data marts of the Corporate Information Factory draw their information from an integrated repository, the challenges of maintaining conformance are reduced, at least from the perspective of the dimensional modelers. The burden of bringing together disparate source is still present, nut it falls to the designers of the enterprise data warehouse. Designers of the dimensional data marts need only concern themselves with a single view of information: that provide by the enterprise data warehouse. Conformance is still a necessity with the data mart and conformance across data marts can help avoid the need for additional data marts to cross subject areas. Stand-alone data mart lacks an enterprise context. They do not conform and the associated risk can partially mitigated by planning for conformance of a few key dimensions. The stand-alone data may exhibit conformance internally, it is likely to be incompatible with other data marts. Stand- alone data marts may be retrofitted to work with existing conformed dimensions, but this process is not trivial.

The President of Psychology’s 2008 Learned Society Essay Example for Free

The President of Psychology’s 2008 Learned Society Essay A day before the new academic year, I just can’t stop thinking about being back in school having new activities for the society and proudly continuing the works that the founders and alumni of the society had started and pursued according to its vision and mission. I was in my stuck in my room, daydreaming, looking forward to the incoming school year and hopefully this time winning for the post I have always wanted to be at ever since I joined the society. The start of the academic year in the university seemed to be a very pleasing scene since the election for new officers had already taken place. At that very moment, the room felt very warm and accommodating, I was rather shocked than pleased with myself. I have won. I have actually won. Now I already have what I have always wanted. The fact that the new president is someone I knew very well made me jump out of my seat, making me stand because the members of society had started grabbing my hand and muttering â€Å"congratulations† to me. And I certainly told myself that this year will turn out to be very exciting and much-looked forward to not only by members but by alumni of the society themselves. In the process of my being the new leader of the society, I think a few of what has been discovered and proven ahead of time will be included and remained. Discoveries and people that might prove to be useful not only to me but to the whole society with a reminder of what is the true essence of the learned group will be used rather continuously. On top of the list is Confucius, a government leader who lived from 551 – 479 BC. An important thing that I have picked up from his reign is that a â€Å"family is a critical social unit†. The family is considered to be the most important unit of the society since here is where a child is nurtured and taught of how to act and communicate when given the chance to meet other people. I certainly believe that the way a given family raises its children is a must. Being young, aged around five to ten is the most critical period of the individual. This is when the children start to realize life’s differences in the perspective of the people around them, the time when they will know what is right from wrong and would have that registered in their minds. So, as to relate this to our learned society, there is a need for every member to show concern to each other in order to understand and properly interpret actions portrayed. Each member has a role or a function in the group that all will be praised for something that they have done very good at and will be criticized if the plans do not work out well. But as a family, there is always a room for suggestion and forgiveness, and also help is always extendable. The next one is during the Ancient Greece Eclectic Orientation which says that â€Å"Sophists believe a person’s knowledge is based on experience. To support the belief that the Sophist possessed is Harry Stack-Sullivan who mentioned that the â€Å"individual is defined as the sum of interaction experiences. † In connection with this, during the 500 – 200 BC, stoicism mentioned that individuals are reactive, which in my opinion is related to what Sophists had to say about people thoughts being based on their experiences. People tend to respond to what the environment had set for them, which made them reactive. Simple explanation is that some of the recent discoveries today will not be present if it wasn’t for the people being curious on what happening around them. Most of the studies done, for example, Mayberry and colleagues having a research abut the coping mechanisms and effects of having a parent with mental illness on children, are mostly based on observations that they actually have. As Maurice Merleau-Ponty pointed out, â€Å"we cannot attend something unless we experience it. † Faith and science will never be at ease with each other for some reason. Honestly, there will always be discoveries that might prove that some of the church’s teachings are quite not right and reasonable, or some may say that science is contradicting the teachings of the church. Looking at an issue that seems to be old and vanishing already, the issue of condoms, has been given a great deal of the church. Religious, let us say, some of the religious people are not favorable of this because they say that it is contradicting what was written in the bible, â€Å"Go and multiply† as God told his people. Well, there is nothing really to argue about this because in the end, people tend to choose which to believe and follow. Choice is always a factor in this world. People always lean on the fact that they have to choose something where the benefit is always greater than the cost. Discoveries in different fields of science have been bursting out juts like everywhere. A certain person discovered a cure for a certain disease that was considered deadly before. A new place wherein artifacts have been discovered connecting it to the people who was born three hundred million years ago. And so on. On the question of what is left for the learned group to discover, well it is not really simply to answer but on top of priority list are more vivid researches on catharsis, the one that makes people speak of everything that they have inside their minds. Researches on the catharsis are assumed to be a great help especially to crime investigations. These can somehow make questioning on people who had just committed something against the law easier that officials or crime investigators will not have to use force on them. Those who were accused of a crime will just consciously tell every single information of the current situation. To be more specific, the question of how to let people tell everything is quite disturbing. Will there be a use of medicines, machines or just talking to that person, trying to lure out information through nice inviting way of talking? It seems like finding something that will let that person talk without hurting him. In connection to this, I would also want to find something that can actually totally stop a person from releasing different or multiple personalities without his knowledge that he can actually be somebody totally different from who he truly is and start ruining other people’s lives and alert somebody if a certain person is just imagining things and saying that he has multiple personalities when he is just actually faking it to get away from something or someone. Honestly, I am not really after discovering complicated things for complicated situations. I just wanted to make everything simple when everything seems to be complicated. A society is just like a fraternity, a brotherhood or say is just like a sorority, a sisterhood that has its own vision and mission. Activities and discoveries are important but the most important of all are its members. How can a group achieve its objectives when there are no people working hard for those? An organization, a society, a fraternity or a sorority needs members to operate and achieve goals. That is why members, people, getting along with each other, unite and organize themselves for certain mission and vision are the most important ingredients in a society. Being a president is a major responsibility. Being a president is not how you dictate people what they should do at a certain moment, it is being open to listen to ideas that members could possibly have in order to improve the current status of the society. A president is someone who can guide each and every person in the society to do things that are of their strengths and most of all, someone who can bring out the best in every person.

Social Work In Criminal Justice

Social Work In Criminal Justice This module will address the role of social work in the criminal justice context. This context includes a range of agencies working with adults and young persons who are involved in offending and agencies who work with the victims of crime. Social Work within the criminal justice context can therefore involve direct work with people who have offended, for example working as a Probation Officer or working in a voluntary sector organisation that provide services to people involved in the criminal justice system. It also involves working with children and families who may be involved in the criminal justice system or affected by crime. The module will cover the context and settings of social work in the criminal justice system, the principles, methods and interventions of working with offending behaviour; assessment in criminal justice contexts; the impact of crime and working with children and young people in the criminal justice system. A commitment to anti-oppressive practice underpins the module and students will be encouraged to critically think and evaluate their own practice and perspectives. The module runs in Semester One and consists of lectures which take place on Tuesdays from 22/09/09 to 27/10/09. Lectures will be held from 10am to 1pm every Tuesday and on alternate weeks there will also be lectures from 2pm to 4pm in the afternoon. Tutorials will take place on alternate Fridays, beginning on 25/09/09. Students will be divided into tutorial groups and tutorials will run from 12-1pm and 1pm to 2pm on alternate Fridays. Students will be notified of their assigned tutor group in due course. Students will be assessed for via a written assignment which is due for submission on: Monday 2nd November at 4pm. Module Aims Students will understand the social work role within a criminal Justice context, and develop their understanding of the knowledge, skill and value base pertinent to the area of practice. Learning Outcomes Students will understand policy and legislation that informs the social work role in this context. Students will learn the theoretical perspectives informing social work intervention in a criminal justice context. Students will explore the research and methods that inform social work intervention in the criminal justice context. Students will develop skills in the critical examination of theory and its application to practice. Students will understand their own value base in relation to this area and have considered ethical issues in relation to practice. Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and settings Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial 25/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 2 Working with offending behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr Week 3 Assessment in criminal justice contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial: 09/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 4 The impact of offending working with victims of crime and Restorative Justice approaches Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm (Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit) Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm (PPNAI, Willie McAuley; John Warren, Extern) Tutorial: 23/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Week 6: Working with young people in the criminal justice system balancing welfare and justice? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm (Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency) Course Reading Recommended Texts A further extensive list of recommended reading is provided for each week of the course based on subject area. Assessment Assessment of this module is through a written assignment which is due for submission: Monday 2nd November by 4pm. You are required to submit one printed copy to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic copy via My Modules on Queens Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the following link on the Schools web site for submission procedures http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofSociologySocialPolicySocialWork/ImportantNotice/#d.en.93464 Students must answer one of the essay questions below and the word count for this assignment is: 2500 Words +/- 10% Essay Questions Restorative Justice aims to address the consequences of offending for victims and offenders and communities in a meaningful way. Critically evaluate this statement with reference to practice in the Northern Ireland criminal justice system. Young people who are involved in offending should be treated as ‘children first. Discuss this statement with reference to policy and practice in working with young people in the criminal justice system. The history of probation is one of an increased emphasis on public protection. Discuss this statement with reference to probation practice in Northern Ireland. Assessment of the risk of re-offending and risk of harm should guide the nature of intervention with offenders. Critically evaluate this statement with reference to theory, policy and practice. GUIDELINES This assignment should be based on learning from your lectures, workshops and guided study / reading .You are encouraged to start researching and preparing at an early stage as the submission date is A discussion forum will also be established on queens on-line in order to assist you to share ideas with tutors and other students and to seek to share resources for the assignment. REFERENCING Your assignment must be supported with references from relevant readings and you must follow the referencing guidelines relating to books, journals and web based material provided in your course handbook. You are encouraged to read widely in preparing for your assignment, drawing on material from your reading list as well as other relevant material. You should also look at the general assessment guidelines in your assessment handbook for more general assignment writing skills. Essay guidance The best way to structure the answer to a question is to begin with a very brief analysis of what you interpret the question as being about, and then a road-map of how you propose to answer it. This focuses your mind on organising a clear, coherent structure for your answer. Be very careful to indicate as much as possible of what empirical or other evidence there is to support your points. It is not necessary to come to a definite conclusion on the question: uncertainty having weighed the arguments and evidence is almost always an acceptable position. What is essential, however, is that you have given sufficient weight to arguments contrary to your own, with reasons to back up your rejection. Frequently questions require you to present and assess a number of viewpoints, indicated by such instructions as discuss, assess, how far is the case that†¦ etc. But it is always essential to consider what alternative interpretations to your own argument there might be. Source: Oxford University Press (Online Resource Centre) Requirements for the Award of 10 Credit Points In order to be awarded 10 credit points towards the completion of the Bachelors Degree in Social Work students must: Complete and submit a written assignment and gain a mark of at least 40%. Attend at least 80% of all lectures; and Attend at least 80% of all workshops. Students who fail to attend for the required number of lectures and tutorials, or who miss particularly crucial elements of the module, may be required to undertake additional work in order to be awarded credit points. LATE SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK The Universitys rule is that for work submitted after the deadline, 5 percentage points per working day are deducted from the received mark up to a maximum of five days. Thereafter, the work receives zero. Extensions to essay deadlines are covered by a formal University procedure and may be granted on grounds of ill health or personal circumstances. You need to submit a completed Exemption from Late Coursework Marks Penalty Form (available from the Office, 6 College Park and on the Schools Website www.qub.ac.uk/soc ) within three days of the essay deadline. The form should be accompanied by a medical certificate (NOT self-certification) and/or other written supporting evidence and should be taken to the module convenor, preferably during his/her office hours, who decides whether or not to agree to an extension. Lecture Outlines Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and settings Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm This lecture will provide an introduction to the module by outlining the role of social work in the criminal justice context. The first lecture will cover the history of social work within the criminal justice context and will explore theoretical perspectives on the intersection of social work and the criminal justice system. Particular consideration will be given to the role of the social worker within the parameters of the ‘care or ‘control debate. Some of the key phases of social work intervention in the criminal justice system will be explored ranging from original social work role as a ‘court missionary through to the current drive towards interventions based on the assessment of risk and ‘evidence based practice. Tutorial 25/09/09 (Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Following from the introductory lecture, this tutorial will focus on some of the key paradigm shifts that have influenced the role of social work within the criminal justice context. Students will be encouraged to critically explore the role of social work within this setting. Key Reading Social Work in the Criminal Justice System History, Context and Settings Audit Commission (1989) Promoting Value for Money in the Probation Service, London: HMSO Brownlee, I. (1998) Community Punishment. A Critical Introduction. Essex: Longman Criminology Series Burnett, R. Roberts, C. (Ed.) (2004) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice Cullompton: Willan Chapman, T. and Hough, M. (1998) Evidence Based Practice, London: HMIP Farrant, F. (2006) ‘Knowledge production and the punishment ethic: The demise of the probation service. Probation Journal, 53,4: 317-333 Fulton, B. Parkhill, T. (2009) Making the Difference: an oral history of probation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: PBNI. Available at: http://www.pbni.org.uk/archive/Publications/Other%20Publications/pbni%2025th%20book.pdf Gorman, K. (2001) ‘Cognitive behaviourism and the search for the Holy Grail: The quest for a universal means of managing offender risk. Probation Journal, 48, 3: 3-9 Kemshall, H. (2002) ‘Effective practice in probation: An example of ‘Advanced Liberal responsibilisation? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41,1: 41-58 Lindsay, T. Quinn, K. (2001) ‘Fair Play in Northern Ireland: Towards Anti-Sectarian Practice. Probation Journal, 42, 2: 102-109 McKnight, J. (2009) ‘Speaking up for Probation Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48,4: 327-343 Mair, G. (Ed.) (2004) What Matters in Probation Cullompton: Willan Merrington, S. and Stanley, S. (2000) ‘Reflections: doubts about the what works initiative, Probation Journal, 47, 4: 272-275 Robinson, G. Raynor, P. (2006) ‘The future of rehabilitation: What role for the probation service? Probation Journal, 53,4: 334-346 Vanstone, M. (2004) ‘Mission control: The origins of a humanitarian service. Probation Journal, 51, 1: 34-47 Week 2 Working with offending behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr These lectures will focus on the development and use of community penalties. Students will learn about the development of the ‘what works initiative and the drive towards effective, evidence-based practice. Key issues such as risk management and public protection will be explored and students will be encouraged to critically evaluate these developments. Key developments in working with offenders will be outlined including some of the most recent methods of intervention based on research evidence. Key Reading Working with offending behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Andrews, D., Bonta, J. and Hoge, R. (1990a) ‘Classification for effective rehabilitation, Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17 ,1: 19-52. Andrews, D. et al. (1990b) ‘Does correctional treatment work? Criminology, 28, 369-404 Ansbro, M. (2008) ‘Using attachment theory with offenders. Probation Journal, 55,3: 231-244 Bailie, R. (2006) ‘Women Offenders: The Development of a Policy and Strategy for Implementation by the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Irish Probation Journal, 3, 1:97-110 Batchelor, S. (2004) ‘Prove me the bam! Victimization and agency in the lives of young women who commit violent offences. Probation Journal, 52, 4: 358-375 Bhui, H.S. Buchanan, J. (2004) ‘What Works? and complex individuality. Probation Journal, 51,3: 195-196 Bottoms, A. and Williams, W. (1979) ‘A non-treatment paradigm for probation practice British Journal of Social Work, 9,2: 160-201 Burnett R Roberts C (2004) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice, Developing Evidence Based Practice. Cullompton: Willan Burnett, R. McNeill, F. (2005) ‘The place of the officer-offender relationship in assisting offenders to desist from crime. Probation Journal, 52,3: 221-242 Bushway, S.D.; Thornberry, T.P. Krohn, M.D. (2003) ‘Desistance as a developmental process: A comparison of static and dynamic approaches. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 2: 129-153 Cherry, S. (2005) Transforming Behaviour: Pro-social Modelling in Practice. Cullompton: Willan Dixon, L. Ray, L. (2007) ‘Current issues and developments in race hate crime Probation Journal, 54,2: 109-124 Farrall, S. Bowling, B. (1999) ‘Structuration, human development and desistance from crime. British Journal of Criminology 17, 2: 255-267 Farrall, S. (2002) Rethinking What Works with Offenders: Probation, Social Context and Desistance from Crime. Cullompton: Willan Healy, D. ODonnell, I. (2008) ‘Calling time on crime: Motivation, generativity and agency in Irish Probationers. Probation Journal, 55,1: 25-38 Jordan, R. OHare, G. (2007) ‘ The Probation Board for Northern Irelands Cognitive Self-Change Programme: An overview of the pilot programme in the community. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 125-136 Loughran, H. (2006) ‘A place for Motivational Interviewing in Probation? Irish Probation Journal, 3,1: 17-29 Martinson, R. (1974) ‘What works? Questions and answers about prison reform, ThePublic Interest, 10, 22-54 McCulloch, P. (2005) ‘Probation, social context and desistance: retracing the relationship. Probation Journal, 52,1: 8-22 McGuire, J. Priestly, P. (1995) ‘Reviewing â€Å"what works†: Past, present and future. In J. McGuire (Ed.) What Works in Reducing Re-offending. Sussex: Wiley McNeill, F. (2001) ‘Developing effectiveness: Frontline Perspectives, Social Work Education, 20,6: 671-678 McNeill, F. (2006) ‘A desistance paradigm for offender management Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 39-62 McWilliams, W. (1987) ‘Probation, pragmatism and policy, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 26,2:97-121 Maruna, S. (2001) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lives. Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association Maruna, S.; Immarigeon, R. LeBel, T.P. (2004) ‘Ex-offender Reintegration: Theory and Practice In: S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds.) After Crime and Punishment: Pathways to Offender Integration, Cullompton: Willan Miller, W. Rollnick, S. (2006) Motivational Interviewing, Gilford Press, New York Raynor, P. Vanstone, M. (1994) ‘Probation practice, effectiveness and the non-treatment paradigm, British Journal of Social Work, 24,4: 387-404 Rex, S. (1999) ‘Desistance from offending: Experiences of probation, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 4: 366-383 Rex, S. Bottoms, A. (2003) ‘Evaluating the evaluators: Researching the accreditation of offender programmes. Probation Journal, 50,4: 359-368 Smith, D. (2004) ‘The uses and abuses of positivism, in G. Mair (Ed.) What Matters in Probation, Cullompton: Willan Vanstone, M. (2000) ‘Cognitive-behavioural work with offenders in the UK: a history of an influential endeavour, Howard Journal, 39,2: 171-183 Week 3 Assessment in criminal justice contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Assessing the risk of re-offending and the risk of harm is one of the core tasks of the social worker within the criminal justice system .This lecture will cover the background of assessment and some of the factors that impact on assessment. Particular attention will be paid to research evidence concerning, dynamic and static risk factors in relation to offending. In addition, attention will be paid to protective factors and research relating to desistance from crime. An overview will be provided of a range of risk assessment tools currently in use within the criminal justice system. Tutorial: 09/09/09(Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur This tutorial will be in a workshop format and will focus on the use of risk assessment tools in relation to the assessment of the risk re-offending and risk of harm with the aim of planning interventions to address these areas. Assessment in criminal justice contexts Aye-Maung, N. Hammond, N. (2000) ‘Risk of re-offending and Needs Assessments: The Users Perspective. (Home Office Research Study 216). London: Home Office Best, P. (2007) ‘ The Assessment, Case Management and Evaluation System (ACE) in Northern Ireland. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 101-107 Kemshall, H. (1998) Risk in Probation Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate Kemshall, H. (2003) Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice. Berkshire: Open University Press Kemshall, H. (2008) Understanding the Management of High Risk Offenders. Berkshire: Open University Press Merrington, S. Skinns, J. (2002) ‘Using ACE to Profile Criminogenic Needs, Probation Studies Unit ACE Practitioner Bulletin No. 1, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/publications/psubull1.pdf ODwyer, G. (2008) ‘A Risk Assessment and Risk Management Approach to Sexual Offending for the Probation Service. Irish Probation Journal, Vol. 5: 84-91 Robinson, G. (2002) ‘Exploring risk management in probation practice: contemporary developments in England and Wales. Punishment and Society, 4, 1: 5-25 Robinson, G. (2003) ‘Implementing OASys: lessons from research into LSI-R and ACE Probation Journal, 50, 1:30-40 Week 4 The impact of offending working with victims of crime and Restorative Justice approaches Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr This lecture will address issues concerning the impact of crime, and will explore issues relating to victims of crime. The concept of the ‘victim of crime will be critically assessed with reference to a range of literature, and the victims role within the criminal justice system will be explored. The role of the Social Worker in working with victims of crime will also be analysed. The principles and practices of restorative justice approaches will be examined and explored specifically in relation to the Northern Ireland context. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm (Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit) The afternoon lecture will involve a panel presentation from representatives from two agencies working with victims of crime. The presenters will focus on particular issues and themes relating to their work and students will have an opportunity to discuss the issues raised. Victims and the Impact of Crime Hoyle, C. Zedner, L. (2007) ‘Victims, victimization and the criminal justice system. In M. Maguire; R. Morgan R. Reiner (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Fourth Edition) Oxford: Oxford University Press Hunter, C. (2005) ‘The View of Victims of Crime on How the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Victim Information Scheme Might Operate Irish Probation Journal, 2,1: 43-47 Norton, S. (2007) ‘The place of victims in the Criminal Justice System. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 63-76 Williams, B. (2009) ‘Victims In: C. Hale; K, Hayward; A. Wahidin E. Wincup (Eds.) Criminology (Second Edition) Oxford: Oxford University Press Restorative Justice Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Campbell C, Devlin R, OMahony D, Doak J (2005) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth conferencing Service NIO Research and Statistical Series: Report No 12 Daly, K. (2002) ‘Restorative Justice: The real story Punishment and Society, 4,1: 55-79 Daly, K. Stubbs, J. (2006) ‘Feminist engagement with restorative justice. Theoretical Criminology, 10, 1: 9-28 Gelsthorpe, L. Morris, A. (2002) ‘Restorative youth justice. The last vestiges of welfare? In: J. Muncie; G. Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.) Youth Justice Critical Readings. London: Sage Gray, P. (2005) ‘The politics of risk and young offenders experiences of social exclusion and restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 45,6: 938-957 Hamill, H. (2002) ‘Victims of paramilitary Punishment Attacks in Belfast. In C. Hoyle R. Young (Eds.) New Visions of Crime Victims, 49-70., Oxford: Hart Hoyle, C. (2002) ‘Securing restorative justice for the â€Å"Non-Participating† Victim. In: In C. Hoyle R. Young (Eds.) New Visions of Crime Victims, 97-132., Oxford: Hart McEvoy, K. Mika, H. (2002) ‘ Restorative Justice and the critique of informalism in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 3: 534-562 McLaughlin, E.; Fergusson, R.; Hughes, G. Westmarland, L. Restorative Justice: Critical Issues London, Sage Marshall, T. (1999) Restorative Justice: An Overview. London: Home Office. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/occ-resjus.pdf Morris, A. (2002) ‘Critiquing the critics: A brief response to critics of restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 42,3: 596-615 OMahony, D. Doak, J. ‘Restorative Justice- Is More Better? The Experience of Police-led Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 43, no. 5 Shapland, J.; Atkinson, A.; Atkinson, H.; Dignan, J.; Edwards, L; Hibbert, J. Howes, M.; Johnstone, J.; Robinson, G. Sorsby, A. (2008) Does restorative justice affect reconviction? The fourth report from the evaluation of three schemes. London: Ministry of Justice. Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/restorative-justice-report_06-08.pdf Zehr H Towes B (EDS) Critical Issues in Restorative Justice, Willan Publishing Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm (Nicola Carr and Willie McAuley, PPNAI) Public protection has formed an important part of the work of criminal justice agencies in recent years. This lecture explores the ‘public protection discourse, and its practical implications in relation to new ‘public protection arrangements. The second part of this lecture will focus on the role of social work in relation to prisoners and their families and the role of resettlement. Tutorial: 23/09/09(Group 1 (12-1) / Group 2 (1-2) This tutorial will follow from this weeks lecture and address issues in relation to prisoners, the effects of imprisonment and resettlement. Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Burnett, R. Maruna, S. (2006) ‘The kindness of prisoners: Strengths-based resettlement in theory and action. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 83-106 Corcoran, M. (2007) ‘Normalisation and its discontents: Constructing the ‘irreconcilable female political prisoner in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 47,3: 405-422 Her Majestys Inspectorates of Prison and Probation (2001) Through the Prison Gate: A Joint Thematic Review. London: Home Office. Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-prisons/docs/prison-gate-rps.pdf Kemshall, H. (1996) Reviewing Risk: A review of the research on the assessment and management of risk and dangerousness: Implications for policy and practice in the Probation Service. London: Home Office Kemshall, H. Maguire, M. (2001) ‘Public Protection, partnership and risk penality: The Multi-Agency risk management of sexual and violent offenders. Punishment and Society, 3,2: 237-264 Lewis, S.; Vennard, J.; Maguire, M.; Raynor, P.; Vanstone, M.; Raybould, S. Rix, A. (2003) The Resettlement of short-term prisoners: an evaluation of seven pathfinders. London: Home Office. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/occ83pathfinders.pdf McEvoy, K.; Shirlow, P. McElrath, K. (2004) ‘Resistance, transition and exclusion: Politically motivated ex-prisoners and conflict transformation in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 3: 646-670 Maguire, M. Raynor, P. (2006) ‘How the resettlement of prisoners promotes desistance from crime: Or does it? Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1:19-38 Maruna, S. Liebling, A. (2004) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Matthews, R. (2009) ‘Prisons in C. Hale; K, Hayward; A. Wahidin E. Wincup (Eds.) Criminology (Second Edition) Oxford: Oxford University Press Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland (PPANI) Guidance to Agencies. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: http://www.publicprotectionni.com/ Scraton, P. Moore, L. (2004) The Hurt Inside. The Imprisonment of women and girls in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Available at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2004/oct/the-hurt-inside-nihrc.pdf Scraton, P. Moore, L. (2005) ‘Degradation, harm and survival in a womens prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, 1: 67-7 Wahidin, A. (2009) ‘Ageing in prison: crime and the criminal justice system. In: C. Hale; K, Hayward; A. Wahidin E. Wincup (Eds.) Criminology (Second Edition) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Week 6: Working with young people in the criminal justice system balancing welfare and justice? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Working with young people who are involved in the criminal justice system involves addressing the context of offending and the welfare needs of the young person. This lecture will cover the theories and practices that inform this work, with reference to research literature and the current system and policy context in Northern Ireland. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm (Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency) The afternoon lecture will be delivered by Kelvin Doherty, from the Youth Justice Agency, who will provide an overview of the youth conferencing service in Northern Ireland. The lecture will focus on the aims, rationale and operation of youth conferences through an interactive session. Working with Young People in the Criminal Justice System Campbell, C.; Devlin, R.; OMahony, D.; Doak, J.; Jackson, J.; Corrigan, T. McEvoy, K. (2006) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth Conference Service. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office. Available: http://www.nio.gov.uk/evaluation_of_the_northern_ireland_youth_conference_service.pdf Ellison, G. (2001) Young People, Crime, Policing and Victimisation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queens University. Available at: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ellison00.htm Graham, J. Bowling, B. (1995) Young People and Crime (Home Office Research Study No. 145), London: Home Office Hamilton, J.; Radford, K. Jarman, N. (2003) Policing, Accountability and Young People. Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research. Available at: http://www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/policeyp.pdf Include Youth (2008) A Manifesto for Youth Justice in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Include Youth. Available at: http://www.includeyouth.org/fs/doc/Include-Youth-Manifesto-2008.pdf Leonard, M. (2004) Children in Interface Areas: Reflections from North Belfast. Belfast: Save the Children Muncie, J. (2004) Youth and Crime (Second Edition) London: Sage NICCY (2008) Children in Conflict with the Law and the Administration of Juvenile Justice. Belfast: NICCY. Available at: http://www.niccy.org/uploaded_docs/1_71784_NIC71784%20Childrens%20Rights%20Text%208.pdf

Uses of Australian Medic and other Legumes in the United States Essay

Uses of Australian Medic and other Legumes in the United States In recent years the United States has been experimenting with the uses of medics, clovers and other forms of legumes which include sweet clover, rose clover, crimson clover, barrel medic, button medic, Australian medic, burr medic, nitro alfalfa, and spotted medic just to name a few of the long list of plants used in these experiments. The purpose of these experiments were to determine the benefits of intercropping these legumes with non-nitrogen fixating crops such as corn, sunflowers and many others. Some of the suggested benefits would include using less fertilizer, gained water infiltration into the soil, and reduced soil erosion. A study was conducted in Stephenville, Texas over several years to determine the types of medics and clovers that could possibly be used in areas of the United States that have high temperatures in the summers with limited precipitation, another objective of the experiments conducted in Stephenville was to determine the affects of harvest height, as herbage removal affects the reproduction of the stand in following years. Some cool-season annual species looked to be promising candidates for this particular experiment. Many of these species have become widely naturalized across the Great Plains region of the United States which indicates adaptation to climate, soils, local vegetation, and pathogens (Muir et al., 2005). One of the biggest factors in the growth and reproduction of medic is the climate, especially temperature and rainfall, has the strongest effect on legume production. Annual Australian medic species that are accustom to the long growing seasons in southern parts of the continent took ten to seventy ... ...provided by these plants. References Groose, Robin W., 1999. Lamb Chops and Rolls on 12 Inches of Rain. Casper Star Tribune. Kandel, H.J., B.L. Johnson, and A.A. Schneiter. 2000. Hard Red Spring Wheat Response Following the Intercropping of Legumes into Sunflower. Crop Science 40:731-736 Muir, James P., William R. Occumpaugh and Twain J. Butler, 2005. Trade-Offs in Forage and Seed Parameters of Annual Medicago and Trifolium Species in North-Central Texas as Affected by Harvest Intensity. Agron. J. 97:118-124 Sheaffer, Craig C., Steve R. Simmons and Michael A. Schmitt. 2001. Annual Medic and Berseem Clover Dry Matter and Nitrogen Production in Rotation with Corn. Agron. J. 93:1080-1086 Smeltekop, Hugh, David E. Clay and Sharon A. Clay. 2002. The Impact of Intercropping Annual ‘Sava’ Snail Medic on Corn Production. Agron. J. 94:917-924

Sexual Difference and Looking Through the Eyes of Mulvey, Penley, and H

Even though Mulvey presents some intriguing points on how psychoanalysis affects the way gender is viewed in regards to the look, her writing is restricted and one-dimensional in comparison to Constance Penley’s article, â€Å"Feminism, Film Theory, and the Bachelor Machines† (1985). Penley begins by focusing on the idea of the â€Å"bachelor machine:† a practice used from approximately 1850-1925 where â€Å"numerous artists, writers, and scientists imaginatively or in reality constructed anthropomorphized machines to represent the relation of the body to the social, the relation of sexes to each other, the structure of the psyche, or the workings of history.† It is a perpetually moving, self-sufficient system that, as Michael de Certeau states, has a chief distinction of â€Å"being male.† It also includes common themes of, â€Å"an ideal time and the magical possibility of its reversal (the time machine is an exemplary bachelor machine) electrifi cation, voyeurism, and masturbatory eroticism, the dream of the mechanical reproduction of art, and artificial birth or reanimation† (Stam and Miller, 456-457). This leads Penley to discuss a similar theory, that of the cinema as an apparatus itself, which focuses on the same characteristics of the bachelor machine. This theory is discussed through the writings of Jean-Louis Baudry and Christian Metz, but Penley points out that their works close off essential questions about sexual difference. Firstly, Penley informs her readers that, â€Å"in Baudry’s Freudian terms, the apparatus induces (as a result of the immobility of the spectator, the darkness of the theater, and the projection of the images from a place behind the spectator’s head) a total regression to an earlier developmental stage in which the subject hal... ...† (Stam and Miller, 470). Penley’s writing opens up some of the opinions Mulvey presents by examining the complexities of the cinematic apparatus and why that theory restricts female spectatorship as well. These writings are but only a dent in the complicated question on how gender affects spectatorship. As film critics and scholars have constantly been trying to answer this question, so they will continue to do so as long as women feel any kind of threat of male dominance. Works Cited Stam, Robert, and Toby Miller. "Chapter 25: Feminism, Film Theory and the Bachelor Machines (Constance Penley); Chapter 26: Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (Laura Mulvey)." Film and Theory: An Anthology. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2000. Print. Rear Window. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. Perf. James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey. 1954. Paramount Pictures, Patron Inc., 1955. DVD.

What role does community planning have in economic development? Essay

DBP411 – Community Planning Assignment 2 Community Planning Practice Paper What role does Community Planning have in Local Economic Development? Lecturers:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiona Caniglia & Stuart McLaughlin Student:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andreas Faludi Student ID:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  02534955 Due Date:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 June 2004 â€Å"Planning ahead is a measure of class. The rich and even the middle class plan for generations, but the poor can plan ahead only a few weeks or days.† Gloria Steinam, The Time Factor (1980) INTRODUCTION Unfortunately, it is true to say that many stakeholders within the broader development industry regard the bottom line of their balance sheets rather than the economic well being of locals (some of whom may be displaced during the development process) as the be all and end all. While the tangible rise in land value associated by proximity to quality developments is recognised by many, there are just as many whose economic situations become worsened. While these individuals or groups may already be homeless and residing in public housing that is to make way for new development, for example, the fact remains that their economic situation has suffered by virtue of their displacement. While community planning – planning for the community rather than just the built environment – involves all members of the community, it is more often than not focused on ensuring positive outcomes for those who are less able to voice their opinions. To continue the generalisation, these peopl e are more often than not at the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum. As many of the students from the Community Planning unit will most likely go onto conventional town planning roles within either private practice or public service, it is most important that they not only understand how to apply good town planning principles to the built environment, but also how to achieve positive community outcomes through application of these principles. Further, within this it is essential that the economic well being of the community at large (and not just its captains of industry and business owners) is guaranteed along with the more traditional and typical desired plan... ...conomic and community planners, but in vastly separate fields of expertise. By combining the two knowledge bases and implementing community plans with a view towards the economic as well as the human development, communities will be able to increase their control over their own destinies. And once this happens, the poor man too can plan for generations rather than days. REFERENCES Hossain, I. (1998). ‘An experiment in sustainable human development: the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh’, in Journal of Third World Studies, vol. XV, no. 1, pp. 39-55. Landry, C. (2000). The creative city: a toolkit for urban innovators, UK: Earthscan Publications. Smets, P. (1999). ‘Housing finance trapped in a dilemma of perceptions: affordability criteria for the urban poor in India’, in Housing Studies, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 821-838. Trainer, T. (1998). Saving the environment: what it will take, NSW: UNSW Press. Brisbane City Council, Brisbane City Plan 2000 Internet references: World Bank website: http://www.worldbank.org Online Opinion website: http://www.onlineopinion.com.au Community Economic Development Centre website: http://www2.sfu.ca/cedc/resources/online/cedconline/ceddefn.htm

Organizational Structure Presentation Essay

As a manager of Van Rensselaer Manor Nursing Home Rehabilitation Center, we now are going to propose a new addition of long-term care services along with still having services for short-term on an inpatient and outpatient basis. The future of our organization’s growth internally and externally will demand how well we communication our abilities not only to our staff but to our surrounding community. We will be in need of new experience workers for physical therapy, counselors to work with patients and families, along with specialized doctors and nurses. Communication will be the number one factor in finding the right professionals for our organizations growth within the community. Our communication tactics need to be easily understood by all parties, and we need not use overpowering management terms so that employees think we are talking down to them. Effective communication means having everyone on the same page learning from one another while growing inside and outside the o rganization. Leadership involves good communication among all ranks of the management team and staff. Coaching, mentoring and walking around the office each day getting to know your people personally and their working skills will improve the growth internally and externally of the organization. Effective internal communication starts with our organization having sufficient skills in listening, speaking, questioning and sharing feedback. As a manager, it is my job and my management team to ensure that the most important outcome from the above skills is conveying that we value hearing from others and them hearing from us. Sharing information on a regular basis with the staff is effective communication and will keep the organization’s mission number one in everyone’s goals. â€Å"The main differences between internal and external company communications are the content and the audience. Internal communications include employees and shareholders, such as the company’s board of directors or stockholders. External communications include clients, prospective customers and the public.

New Look Jacket Inc.: Variance Analysis Essay

New Look Jacket Inc. (NLJ) specializes in the production of Nylon Jackets and Leather Jackets. The company delivers successful financial records at the end of the 2012 fiscal year with the net income of $ 417,100, which is $170,850 greater than the net income budgeted for the 2012 fiscal year despite that the company operations goes through some turmoil. A more detail variance shows that the external factor largely responsible for the growth of leather markets that rapidly increase than anticipated making NLJ to catch with the increase in market demand. Variance Analysis Contribution Margin Based on the figure in Exhibit 1, the total amount of contribution margin for the Nylon jackets is $4,350 less than the budget. Although, the actual unit of contribution margin is $0.15 greater than the standard due to the lower admin cost and selling per unit. However, the Leather jackets’ total contribution margin is $325,200 higher than the budget. The actual unit for contribution margin is $12.70 less than the standard because of the higher variables in all the business categories. Sale Variances Analysis of sale variance reveals that New Look Jackets record 110,000 actual sale volumes greater that sale volume of 100,000 budgeted for the fiscal year. The favorable variance of 10,000 makes the company to record the increase in the sales revenue for the actual budget. The company recorded $5,747,500 as actual revenue compared to $4,075,000 budgeted as sale revenue making the company to record the favorable variance of $1,672,500 in revenue. Despite the favorable sale variance that the company records, it is only the Leather Jacket that records favorable variance because the budgeted sale volume is 5,000 units and the actual sale volume is 16,500 units making the company to record a favorable variance of 11,500 in the sale volume. However, the variance for the sales of Nylon jacket is unfavorable with the budget of 95,000 units for the sale volume and the actual budget recorded are 93,500 units making the company to record the unfavorable variance of 1,700 units in sales. Thus, the sales mix variance is favorable for the Leather jackets, however, unfavorable for the Nylon jacket. The company recorded unexpectedly high in the market of Leather Jacket in 2012 generating favorable mix market for the company. The direct material price is not favorable for the New Look Leather jackets showing that the company spends more in purchasing of direct materials than the price actually budgeted for Leather jackets. The major reason is that the company did not have enough material in stock to produce the quantity of leather jacket demanded. Due to the abnormal increase in demand for the Leather jacket, the company had to make a rush order for the Leather jacket material which consequently led to the increase in the price of direct materials. 2. Budget projections for Sales, Direct material, Direct labor, Variable costs and Fixed Cost. The paper prepares a new budget for the New Look Jacket based on the on the company past financial performances and the economic outlook for the 2012 fiscal year. The results of the variance analysis between the 2012 budget and the actual budget at the end 2012 fiscal year is also used to prepare  the new budget. Assumptions The paper prepares the new budget based on the following assumptions: The increase in inflation will not be more than 5% and increase in inflation is assumed to affect the projected fixed costs of operations. The sale volume of Leather jacket is assumed to reach 30,000 units. Essentially, the company did not prepare for the increase in the demand for the Leather jacket in the preceding year, and it is assumed a new trend in fashion will affect the demand for the Leather jackets, which will lead to an increase in the demand for the Leather jackets. The other assumption is that the US economy will not experience a recession that may affect the total demand. Moreover, the income tax will remain the same because the increase in income tax is likely to decline the total demand. Budget Projections The data in the new budget reveals that the company will realize the total sales volume of 123,500 units in both the Nylon Jacket and Leather jacket. However, it is projected that the demand for the Leather jacket will reach 30,000 units making the company to record the revenue of $4.5 Million in the Leather jacket. The increase in the demand for the Leather jacket will make the company to realize the revenue of more than $7.77 Million. (See Appendix 1 reveals the new budget and Appendix 2 reveals the costs of direct materials and direct labor). Despite the increase in the company total revenue, the company will incur an increase in the cost of direct material and direct labor due to a projected increase in the total demand for the Leather jacket. Moreover, the total fixed costs are projected to increase to $1.5 Million due to 5% increase in inflation. Despite the increase in the total costs, the company is projected to record a net income of $518,419. Reference Foster, H. & Teall, D. G (2012). Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, (5th Canadian Edition). Canada, (CMA Online Library).

African American Identity Essay

It was a hot August day as sweat beat down on Thomas Jefferson Brown. He had been working in the field 2 hours before the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back over the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family better than last years crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down one row of the field while staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton. Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who had just yesterday asked his father what it was like being a slave for Mr. Walter Johnson. When his father had told him that in a lot of ways life was so much easier than now, Nathan had given him a look that allowed Thomas to know that his son could not understand. How could he understand? Nathan had not grown up a slave and seen that while it was extremely difficult, there was a feeling of stability to life then. Yes, Thomas Jefferson Brown had endured the beatings and yes he had watched as his Mother and eventually his sisters had been sexually assaulted, but how do you tell a young man such as Nathan that such was the way of life; it was to be expected, along with the comfort of knowing where your next meal was going to come from. Since Tomas had been freed after the great war, He s and his family had endured much more than that; having watched the lynching of two of his brothers and numerous friends. They were the lucky ones though, Thomas thought, while looking up at the fiery ball of heat known as the sun. They did not have to endure other hardships; their suffering was over. Yes it was hard for Nathan to know that life was indeed easier as a slave than a freed man, and maybe, just maybe, things would change during Nathan’s lifetime. Thomas Jefferson Brown wiped his brow once more and continued on picking the cotton? Even though the civil war ended in 1865, African Americans still faced an uphill battle to obtain rights that were afforded other Americans. This was in spite of the fact that 24 African American soldiers earned our Nations highest honor; the Congressional Medal of Honor, during the Civil War. Even with the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865 banning slavery and the 14th Amendment giving African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law, there were still so many other issues that would deprive African Americans of their lawful rights, such as having the first African American elected into the 41st Congress in 1869 continuing through 1901 with the 57th congress, which had no African Americans. This trend would continue until the election of 1929 before another African American was elected to congress. In 1873 the Supreme Court decision ruled that the 14th-Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws extended only to federal civil rights, thus removing southern states from the duty to protect the civil rights of African Americans, but it was just not their rights that were taken; but their lives as well. Between 1882 and the end of 1900, 1751 African Americans and 1105 white Americans were lynched for trying to further the African American cause (National). Given all of this discrimination and violence, it is hard to imagine that anyone would be willing to further the African American cause, but many stood ready to not only give of themselves, but perhaps even to give their life for this noble cause. African American writers were presented with these problems of equality and self esteem, and yet have truly transformed and continue to support a freed people, to obtain all of their rights. What follows is from three writers who each in his own way contributed mightily to the African American cause. They are W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Glen Loury. First, we have W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) Dubois, who was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Dubois was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20th Century. Dubois shared in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor of its magazine Crisis until 1934. He was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University, which he accomplished in 1896. At first, Dubois thought that African Americans could be freed through the Social Sciences, but quickly became disillusioned with this idea and began to believe that freedoms could only come about by agitation and protest(Chew). Dubois recognized that the African American’s of his day faced many problems, not the least of which were of the life threatening variety. After his disillusionment with helping African Americans through the social sciences, Dubois thought that African Americans needed to develop their own culture, which was definitely more American than African. Dubois enjoyed the unique African American culture, particularly that of the Negro spiritual songs. Dubois thought that African Americans should not give in to what white Americans expectations were of African Americans, but to continue to develop as a people. Dubois wrote that all people regardless of their culture, heritage, sex, should be treated as equals. Dubois also thought that African Americans should not worry about competing with the world as a group, but that they should join together to help each other. He eventually was forced to leave the United States because the government considered Dubois an agent of the Soviet Union. That is why he immigrated to Ghana, first obtaining Ghana citizenship, joined the communist party and eventually died there in 1963. Dubois was there for all future African Americans to follow his example. Dubois founding of the NAACP led to many victories for the rights of all Americans, most of which he never saw. Next we have Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica on 17 August 1887. Mr. Garvey is best remembered as a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, not just in the United States but throughout the world as well. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African Communities League in 1914 while still in Jamaica, and also championed the ‘back to Africa’ movement of the 1920s. Of the Africans who departed, Garvey thought, some had left independently while others were brutally removed for economic gain and exploitation. Garvey perceived that the main problems facing not only African Americans, but Africans as well was that they must first go back to Africa and free their African brothers before moving on to other parts of the world. Through the organizations that Garvey had formed (UNIA and ACL), he reasoned that until Africa is free and redeemed, not only in name but in reality, no one would be free, Black or White. Garvey reasoned that no matter what one’s race was we are all bound together by the Creator, which is Spirit. The Creator has a purpose for everyone and that purpose did not include being made a slave or subject to anyone for that matter. While Dubois and Garvey did not see eye to eye on the issues involving African Americans, Garvey did align himself closely with Dr Robert Love, and Dr Loves teachings that a race could progress no further than the dignity and esteem of their women and younger girls. Garvey and Love thought that the best way to plant the seeds of dignity and self-esteem would be through the woman and younger girl. Last, we have Glen Loury, who was born in 1948. Mr. Loury is a professor of economics at Boston University while also being a consultant to the Federal Trade Commission. Mr. Loury has devoted a major portion of his career to the study of race and public policy. He is the author of ‘On the Need for Moral Leadership in the Black Community’, ‘Responsibility and Race’, ‘Impact of Affirmative Action on Equal Opportunity: A New Look’, and most recently ‘A New American Dilemma’. Mr. Loury saw many problems facing not only African American, but also all Americans, including the civil rights policies of 1960-1985, which seemed to have been based on equality of outcome rather than on equality of opportunity. Mr. Loury also thought that affirmative action policies created backlash. Loury maintained that all Americans should have equal rights with none being given favorable treatment over any other. Loury reasoned that it is hard to justify denying admission to an elite college to anyone who struggled to be able to pass the admissions exam; while admitting a member of a designated minority group, who did not work near as hard to earn his score and is only admitted based on his minority status. Such actions build resentment towards these policies and are only heightened when defenders of the policies claim that to question these policies is to engage in a racist act. Mr. Loury contends that giving preferential treatment with no sound explanation only led to more heightened tensions and is a very grievous error on the part of those who merely wish to be advocates of affirmative action. Loury did see, that there was a proper use of affirmative action, such as on police forces around the country that had a significant percentage of African American citizens and yet none on the police force. These Authors present their own conclusions and reasoning’s for what happened to the African Americans previous to, and of their own time. These writers used the influences of other African Americans and were also pioneers themselves. All of these writers believed in equality for everyone and thus did share at least one common goal. In Mr. Dubois we have a writer and scholar who originally thought that through a study of Social Sciences and doing what was right could African Americans receive their rights, and yet Dubois was able to refocus and remain firm in his opinions of helping each other and thus able to help not only the African American’s of his generation, but the ones to follow as well. Mr. Dubois saw all of the problems besetting African Americans and knew that they must unite, working together, to build a culture of their own, that would allow all African Americans to have a better life. Mr. Garvey on the other hand, perceived that until the rights and freedoms were restored in the entire African continent, Africans elsewhere would always be treated as second-class citizens. Garvey along with Dr Robert Love, thought that it was through the African women, especially the younger women, that Africans had a chance to make a difference in providing a better future. Mr. Loury saw problems that came about because of the Civil Rights movement, and that African Americans should not merely rely on being a minority to get ahead in life, but instead grab the opportunity that was before them so as not to create a political backlash. Each of these writers have stood their ground for what they believe in, and our world we live in today is better for it. Each of these writers, in their own time, helped frame not just African Americans lives but has truly transformed and continues to support a freed people, obtain all, of their rights. Works Cited Chew, Robin â€Å"W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963†³ February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark â€Å"Race and Affirmative Action† 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. â€Å"Of our Spiritual Strivings. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus â€Å"Motive of the NAACP Exposed† Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. â€Å"Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 â€Å"Marcus Garvey Biography† November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. â€Å"The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917† National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06 Bibliography Chew, Robin â€Å"W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963† February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark â€Å"Race and Affirmative Action† 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. â€Å"Of our Spiritual Strivings. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus â€Å"Motive of the NAACP Exposed† Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. â€Å"Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. † Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 â€Å"Marcus Garvey Biography† November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. â€Å"The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917† National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06.

Multicultural Issues in Counseling Essay

In the field of counseling and psychology, it is always necessary that the counselor understands the predicament that the patient is facing. This is because, this patient is coming for assistance because he or she is not in a position to do his activities right. Therefore in this case it is necessary that the supervisee and in this case Ann has all the attributes that are needed as this is the only way that she will be able to help Donald. As Barratt, E. et al, (1997) in their research found out, it calls for a good rapport between the counselor and the patient for the patient to receive meaningful treatment or help. This is not the case here as Donald is always complaining that Ann is not giving him enough attention. In real sense, it is the broken rapport that exists between them that is the problem. In the content of my informal assessment of Ann’s multicultural counseling skills, I would clearly indicate that Ann lacks the basic and crucial skills that are necessary for a counselor to execute his or her duties. I understand that the main reason for this is the background where Ann has grown. She has grown up in an area where there are no mixed races. This developed in her limited socialization skills when dealing with people. This is her new interaction with a person from a different race and due to this; it becomes very difficult for her to deal with the patient. As Gladwell, (2007) argues, it calls for a counselor to have good communication and socialization skills so that he or she can be able to assist a patient. In addition, the counselor should understand that the patient is not in the right frame of mind. The counselor should not give the comments that the patient gives the same weight as the way he or she would if the person was in the right frame of mind. These are some of the basic attributes, which Ann lacks, and I would include this in my informal assessment report. According to Dinn, W. et al, (2000), gauging the level of awareness has its basis on how well one executes the duties assigned to him or her. In this case, Donald is complaining that he is lacks appropriate attention and therefore he is contemplating on stopping treatment. On the other hand, Ann is claiming that she has done all that she could so to help the patient. This is a clear sign that Ann is giving up. The patient is already hopeless and the doctor or the counselor can only revive his hope. If the counselor loses hope, it means that there is no chance of recovering. It is also a clear indication of lack of commitment and objective by the counselor. The level of Ann’s self- awareness is therefore very low. The reason is that she is not fully aware that she is the counselor and that the patient really needs her assistance. She seems to forget her role in the whole process, which is to help the patient recover. In addition, Ann is complaining that Donald is over-dependent on her. She fully understands that Donald is suffering from Schizophrenia and dependency is expected. This is a clear indication that Ann happen to have very limited knowledge of the appropriate treatment interventions. For instance, it would be absurd for a surgeon to complain that he or she is encountering a lot of blood when he or she fully knows that this will be inevitable. If we receive such a complaint, it is a clear indication that the person has no or limited knowledge of what he is doing and what he is supposed to do. This is the case happening with Ann. At the same time, Ann is complaining of not having a good communication with the patient because he has difficulty expressing himself in English. As she was born and raised in only one region, there are chances that she did not have good socialization and communication skills and probably the problem is not the English but the access which she is having difficulty understanding. In conclusion, in my informal assessment, I would clearly indicate that the problem here is not the patient but Ann. She seems to lack the basic attributes of a counselor. A good counselor should be dynamic in all the activities that he or she is doing. He should not use a universal platform to treat his or her patients. He should take each patient individually, understand him or her and adopt a proper method in treatment. This is something that Ann needs to improve on. She also needs exposure as she has very little experience in dealing with people. For instance, she has very limited if any knowledge and experience with the African-American culture and all this is attributed to the way she was raised. ? References Barratt, E. et al. (1997). Neuropsychological & Cognitive Psychophysiological Substrates of Impulsive Aggression. Biological Psychiatry , 1045-60. Dinn, W. et al. (2000). Neurocognitive Function in Antisocial Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Research , 173-92. Gladwell, M. (2007). Blink: Power of Thinking Without Thinking . Irwin: Back Bay Books .